Construire une RepRap
Par guillaume le mercredi, novembre 14 2012, 00:04 - DIY - Lien permanent
Il y a quelques mois de cela à la coupe de France de robotique , je fut émerveillé par la présentation d'une machine et du projet RepRap.
C'est quoi une Reprap? C'est une imprimante 3D ou encore une machine de prototypage 3D!
Ce genre de machine existe depuis longtemps de le milieu professionnel mais pas vraiment accessible à un particulier (à moins de gagner au loto).
Il s'agit d'un projet open source: Les plans, les logiciels et les instructions pour la fabrication sont disponibles!
Et le plus impressionnant, c'est que la machine est autoréplicable: c'est à dire que l'on peut faire des pièces de Reprap à partir d'une autre Reprap!
Le site officiel du projet reprap présente plusieurs modèles machines issu du projet
Makerbot industries commercialise de très belles machines dérivées du projet Reprap: la replicator ou encore plus récement la replicator2 pour environs 2000$ la machine .
Pour des raisons de facilité, j'ai choisi de faire une Prusa Mendel, C'est le modèle le plus répendu(donc plus facile pour se procurer les pièces imprimées)
1er étape: réunir le "matos"
Le matériel nécessaire pour une reprap se divise en 2 catégories:
- les pièces faites par une autre reprap
- Les vitamines, c'est-à-dire les pièces achetées (vis, tiges filetées, moteurs...)
Ne connaissant pas un possesseur de Reprap pour me faire les pièces, J'ai acheté un kit de pièces sur Ebay. L'autre alternative pour se faire des pièces est de construire une Repstrap mais j'ai préférais sauter cette étape.
Le reste de pièces peut se trouver dans des magasins comme Castorama, Ebay, selectronic ...
Pour les pièces spécifiques à la Reprap, il y a un très bon site de vente pas très cher: ReprapWorld
Voila tous le matériel réuni:
2ème étape: le montage
La partie mécanique
L'assemblage prend un peu de temps mais ne présente pas de difficultés. Et malgré les apparences, ce frêle chassis est bien solide!
Le chassis:
L'électronique
L'électronique est basé sur une carte Arduino (mega1280 ou 2560) à laquelle il faut ajouter un shield. Parmis les plus populaires il y a RAMPS, Sanguinololu ...
J'ai choisi de faire ma propre électronique en me basant sur le schéma de la carte RAMPS1.4 car j'avais sous la main quelques microstepping driver Allegro A3980 (comparable aux A4988) ast aussi parce que faire des cartes électroniques c'est fun .
La partie driver de moteur pas à pas est déportée "au cul" des moteurs.
Le shield arduino est principalement constitué de connecteurs et quelques résistances, MOS...
La partie soft
Le soft se décompose en 2 parties: le firmware dans l'Arduino et l'interface côté PC (ou Mac) qu'on peut appeler host software.
Il existe plusieurs firmwares pour arduino, les plus connus sont Sprinter et Marlin.
Pour ma part, j'ai utilisé Marlin. ne me demander pas pourquoi, j'ai choisi un peu par hasard: c'est le premier qui à marché!
Je reviendrai en détail sur la configuration de Marlin dans un autre billet.
Du côté PC, il y a le host software, son but est de convertir le fichier 3D (*.stl) en Gcode et l'envoyer à la machine. La conversion du modèle 3D se fait au moyen d'un petit programme qui "découpe" le modèle en tranches afin pour générer le Gcode utilisable pour l'impression. Bien sûr, la génération du Gcode se paramètre avec avec la température de la buse, du "heated bed", le diamètre de la buse...
Et coté host software, il y plusieurs choix possible grâce à la communauté Reprap très active.
Celui que j'utilise est Printrun: simple mais complet!
Il y a aussi ReplicatorG qui semble très bien mais je ne l'ai pas encore testé.
3ème étape: réglages et tests
Impatient. Une fois ma machine montée, j'ai très vite commencé à faire des tests (rapidement concluant).
Il m'a fallut faire quelques réglages: la vitesse des moteurs de façon à ne pas perdre de pas pendant les accélérations et augmenter la température du "heated bed" a 125°C...
Voila mes premiers essais:
Je me suis rendu compte que les pièces en ABS sont très solide même avec un faible taux de remplissage (pour éconimiser de la matière, on peut laisser du vide dans les pièces)!
Voici à quoi ressemble ma machine terminée:
Voilà de quoi bien s’amuser avec cette Reprap.
Cette appareil va me permettre de réaliser des pièces mécanique complexe! Reste à peaufiner les réglages et voir jusqu’où je peux aller dans les réalisations!
Si vous êtes intéressé, je vous recommande aussi d'aller faire un tour sur thingiverse: un site pour le partage de "choses" fabriquées.
To be continued...
Commentaires
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